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Coursework in radical behaviorism prepares behavior analysis students to be effective practitioners and scientists, and thus instructors of these courses have an important role in ensuring the future success of the field. The aim of this article is to support instructors who are developing courses in radical behaviorism by sharing some ideas for course design and teaching strategies. We first briefly review reasons for including radical behaviorism courses in behavior analysis graduate training programs and describe some of the skills that we hope students acquire in these classes. We then offer some ideas for course goals and objectives, readings, web-based resources, assignments, and activities, and discuss some curriculum considerations. We suggest possible pedagogical strategies for shaping verbal behavior on conceptual issues, promoting engagement with the material, encouraging discussions, and navigating challenging topics, such as determinism versus free will, with cultural sensitivity. We conclude by describing some of the reinforcers for instructors who teach these courses, and by describing potential benefits for graduate programs and the field for continuing to ensure that future generations of behavior analysts receive in-depth training in radical behaviorism.
Quem começa a estudar Terapia Baseada em Processos (PBT) logo se depara com o Metamodelo Evolucionário Estendido (EEMM). Ele é representado por essa figura aí, que você pode ver logo acima. E ela não é nada intuitiva! Para piorar a história, materiais clássicos da PBT (e.g. Hofmann, Hayes & Lorscheid, 2021) parecem complicar demais a […]
Several nations have faced a resurgence of fascist cultural practices since the beginning of the 21st century. The fact that these practices are not as widespread as they once were during the fascist regimes of the 20th century may lead to fascism not being recognized as a current threat to societies. We discuss these cultural practices using concepts from culturo-behavior science (CBS). We propose that they can be interpreted as macrobehaviors and culturants that societies need to deal with to make democratic political systems resilient. On the basis of the literature on fascism and recent events in Brazil, we list some of these cultural practices, discuss their occurrence and transmission, and suggest some possible variables that might prevent these practices from continuing to spread.
This article introduces a 1979 symposium held at Furman University in honor of the centennial of John B. Watson’s birth and reproduces B. F. Skinner’s unpublished contribution to it. Watson was commemorated in presentations by James V. McConnell, Fred S. Keller, and Skinner. The introduction describes the symposium’s structure, the presenters’ professional records, and their views on Watson’s behaviorism, situating the speech within its historical context. McConnell offered a critical yet admiring view of Watson, whereas Keller emphasized Watson’s influence on behaviorism’s application, particularly in education. Skinner’s presentation, titled “What John B. Watson Meant to Me,” reflected on both his intellectual debt to Watson and their philosophical differences. This is likely the lengthiest and most in-depth of Skinner’s appreciations and analysis of Watson’s work. In publishing the presentation, the article contributes to the historiography of behavior analysis and clarifies the relationship between two of the most influential figures in the history of behaviorism.
Imagine que, a partir de hoje, fosse cientificamente comprovada a existência de Deus. Não como artigo de fé, mas como fato verificável, tão inegável quanto a gravidade. Como a humanidade se comportaria a partir dessa certeza? A pergunta não é teológica. É comportamental. E, talvez surpreendentemente, a resposta seja mais complexa e menos virtuosa do […]
This article examines publication as a product of verbal behavior selected by audience control and applies this analysis to reconsider the chronology of B. F. Skinner’s earliest published works. I identify Skinner’s 1919 poem in the Lone Scout as his first publicly disseminated output, highlighting how different audiences alter what counts as a “first publication.” This historical reframing underscores the functional role of an audience in defining scholarly products across Skinner’s early contributions.
This article presents radical behaviorism as the philosophical foundation of behavior analysis and argues for its practical relevance to contemporary applied behavior analysis. Written primarily for students and instructors, it is motivated by upcoming credentialing and accreditation standards that will require substantial coursework in behaviorism and philosophical foundations. The article focuses especially on explaining behavior from a radical behaviorist perspective and clarifying the assumptions that underlie the science of behavior analysis. After briefly distinguishing among the conceptual, experimental, applied, and service-delivery aspects of the field, the article traces the historical development of behaviorism from Watson and Thorndike to Skinner’s experimental work and his formulation of radical behaviorism. The article emphasizes that radical behaviorism treats behavior—public and private—as physical events subject to lawful relations, rejects mentalistic and dualistic explanations, and interprets verbal behavior and private events (e.g., thinking, consciousness) as environment behavior relations. The core assumptions of radical behaviorism—monism, empiricism, determinism, parsimony, selectionism, and pragmatism—are outlined, and their implications for theory, explanation, and practice are explained. Finally, radical behaviorism is framed as both a professional guide for behavior-analytic activity and a broader worldview that can foster compassion, improve practice, and support cultural and personal change.
The history of behavior analysis in Latin America has been shaped by key events such as Fred S. Keller’s visits to Brazil and the founding of the Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis. Although Brazil and Mexico have seen significant development in the field, less is known about behavior analysis in other countries in the region. The present article contributes to filling that gap by documenting B. F. Skinner’s 1972 visit to Caracas, Venezuela, one of only two visits he made to Latin America. The primary goal of this article is to describe and contextualize the visit through the integration of findings from a literature review, unstructured interviews and archival materials. By examining the biographical histories of Venezuelan psychologists who contributed to the development of behavior analysis, the present research situates their work within the broader sociopolitical and institutional context of the time. Thus, a secondary goal of the present article is to foster cultural awareness and strengthen scientific identity by highlighting underrepresented events and narratives in the global history of behavior analysis.
The Multiscale Molar View of behavior fits with evolutionary theory and with General Process Theory. These two theories combine to afford a monistic ontological basis for understanding behavior as consisting of extended activities controlled by extended behavior–environment relations. General Process Theory casts the world as process and all existences as processes—no objects, no events, and no substance. Although the theory applies to both animate and inanimate things, behavior analysts focus on animate processes. Evolutionary theory conceives of a species as a process, the function of which is to evolve, and the individual members—the parts—as processes, the function of which is to reproduce. All behavior consists of activities, which are processes that ultimately promote surviving and reproducing. Evolutionary theory, process ontology, and the concept of induction provide a powerful conceptual framework for understanding not only behavioral phenomena in the laboratory and everyday life but also for more flexible approaches to clinical applications.
O texto propõe uma distinção central para compreender o Behaviorismo Radical: a diferença entre pragmatismo (como teoria da verdade) e pragmática (como compreensão da linguagem como ação). Embora historicamente entrelaçadas, essas duas dimensões são conceitualmente independentes. A partir da comparação entre Skinner, Rorty e Habermas, o autor mostra que, apesar de divergirem quanto à teoria da verdade, todos convergem na valorização dos usos da linguagem em contextos práticos. Em seguida, argumenta que o Behaviorismo Radical poderia prescindir de uma teoria pragmatista da verdade sem perda teórica significativa, mas não poderia abandonar a concepção pragmática da linguagem sem se descaracterizar. Conclui, assim, que a pragmática ocupa um papel mais fundamental, e que o uso indiscriminado do termo “pragmático” pode obscurecer distinções importantes entre níveis de análise.
B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two (1948) and Peter Kropotkin’s The Conquest of Bread (1892/2007) both describe communal ways of living that are distinct from modern capitalist society and suggest an alternative: a more just community which would improve people’s lives. Skinner, a successful scientist and public intellectual, wrote Walden Two’s small community as informed by experimentation and the principles of behavior. In contrast, Kropotkin, a twice-jailed revolutionary born into a royal family, described his vision for worldwide anarchism after a social revolution. Despite these differences, we find significant parallels in how the two texts contend with authority and hierarchy, democracy, organization of labor, and the role of the arts and sciences. As we work to extend our clinical successes, exploring these connections and the shared ideals between radical behaviorism and anarchist thought can help us imagine ways to shape a brighter future for all, resist present threats toward global authoritarianism, guiding our work toward the design of culture (Skinner, 1953).
Motivating operations (MOs) are a topic that often feels manageable at first and then can suddenly feel more complicated once unconditioned and conditioned motivating operations are introduced. UMOs and CMOs can appear o...
Only humans live in continuously and cumulatively changing worlds of their own making—cultural worlds. Theories of cumulative cultural evolution are multidisciplinary, depending heavily on the home disciplines of theorists. Virtually all cultural evolutionary theorists view behavior as fundamental to cultural evolution, but most theories focus on changes in social relations, or human cognition, or human brains. Here we attempt a first approximation to a behavior-based theory that explains the origins and evolution of the human-built world. We include topics such as the origin and evolution of cultural organization and resulting cultural systems, which have not often been addressed in this literature.
One of the most common points of confusion for people studying applied behavior analysis is the difference between a stimulus, a behavior, and a response. These terms sound similar, but they refer to very different conce...
O ser humano não é exatamente coerente. Na verdade, a evolução, no que se refere ao comportamento verbal, não selecionou coerência entre o que dizemos e o que fazemos. Ela selecionou organismos e comportamentos mais adaptados aos contextos físicos e sociais; coerência é apenas um acidente neste cenário. O propósito deste texto é de apresentar […]
The characterization of Pavlovian conditioning in behavior analysis is outdated. Pavlovian conditioning is not limited to the conditioning of glandular and visceral responses; it also involves responses that participate in operant contingencies, and the elicitation of motivational or emotional states that affect operant behavior. Contemporary formulations emphasize the inseparability of behavior from the antecedent contextual stimuli in the presence of which the behavior occurs. Operant procedures also involve various relations between behavior and antecedent and consequential stimuli, making Pavlovian relations an integral but often overlooked part of operant procedures. Considering these issues encourages increased attention to the relationship of behavior to antecedent context and interactions between Pavlovian and operant relations in applied behavior analysis procedures. We argue that adopting a modern view of Pavlovian conditioning should increase the analytic tools available to behavior analysts, and to the development of new and more effective treatment strategies in the domains of maintenance/generalization of behavior change and behavioral assessment.
The six attitudes of science are a core concept in applied behavior analysis and appear on the RBT and BCBA exams. These philosophic assumptions describe how behavior analysts approach knowledge, research, and decision m...
The present article offers a brief review of the status of radical behaviorism as a defining feature of behavior analysis from the field’s origins to the contemporary era. It further examines how these changes in the impact of radical behaviorism developed over the decades, the challenges to augmenting its role as a comprehensive context for both research and service activities, and the risks of failing to do so. The article concludes with a brief discussion of why radical behaviorism is important to behavior analysis and applied behavior analysis.
The present article focuses on presentations from the second topical cluster from the 2024 Theory and Philosophy Conference held by the ABAI—Cultural Systems. The cultural systems cluster was comprised of two primary talks—“Unhinging Design from Darwinian and Skinnerian Selection” (Wasserman, 2024), and a second, co-authored by Sigrid Glenn and Maria Malott (and delivered by Sigrid Glenn), entitled “Behavior and Cumulative Cultural Evolution.” We will begin by briefly summarizing some of the main points of each talk, and then discussing some of the implications of the arguments developed in each. The approach taken to link these two seemingly different primary talks will be interdisciplinary. I will seek to illustrate how dynamic patterns of systemic interactions within systems of physical energy parallel the dynamic patterns of behavioral systems and enable us to “reconstruct” some of the main principles emphasized in the primary talks, while also seeking to develop an understanding of how various processes of selection by consequences (natural selection, operant selection, and selection of cultures) emerge from systemic interactions.